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Ibidasanzwe kuri Chinua Achebe, umwanditsi wamuritse Afurika mu Isi y’ibitabo

Yanditswe na Yvette Balinda
Kuya 1 August 2022 saa 06:22
Yasuwe :

Amateka agaragaza ko Abanyafurika batakunze kwandika ku mugabane wabo, aho wasangaga ari akazi kakorwaga n’abantu baturuka mu bindi bihugu birimo ibyakoronije Afurika, rimwe na rimwe bakawandikaho mu buryo bufifitse cyangwa se budasobanura neza uko ibintu bihagaze.

Albert Chinualumogu Achebe [Chinua Achebe] ni umwe mu bagize uruhare rufatika mu guhindura aya mateka, kuko ari umwe mu banditsi bakomeye babayeho ku Mugabane wa Afurika ndetse akaba n’umwe mu bagize uruhare rwo kuyimenyekanisha.

Uyu mugabo yavukiye ahitwa Ogidi muri Nigeria ku wa 16 Ugushingo 1930. Ni umwanditsi, akaba umusizi n’umwarimu wamenyekanye ku Isi yose kubera ubuhanga bwarangaga imyandikire ye ndetse benshi bemeza ko ari Se w’Ubuvanganzo bwa Afurika. Mu nyandiko ze, inkuru nyinshi zibandaga ku mibereho yaranze Abanyafurika cyane cyane mu bihe by’ubukoloni.

Achebe yakuriye mu Mujyi wa Ogidi, aho abenshi mu bahatuye bari bafite imyizerere gakondo izwi nka Igbo, gusa ababyeyi be bari barahinduye idini bahitamo kuba abakirisitu.

Ibi byatumye bahagarika gukora imigenzo yose ikorwa n’abayoboke b’iri dini rya gakondo, gusa ntibyababujije kubaho bubaha imigenzo n’imyemerere yaryo, ku buryo batapfa kubihora umuntu n’ibindi nk’ibyo.

Mu 1936, Achebe yatangiye amashuri abanza mu Ishuri rya ‘St Philips’ Central School’ mu Mujyi wa Ogidi mu gace ka Akpakaogwe.

Mu bihe yigaga mu mashuri abanza, umwarimu wamwigishaga yavuze ko ari we munyeshuri wa mbere yigishije ufite ubumenyi buri hejuru bwo gusoma no kwandika, ibi byatumye ashyirwa mu mwaka w’ishuri wisumbuye ku wo yarimo kwiga.

Chinua Achebe yakundaga gusoma ibitabo bya papa we wari umwarimu no kumva inkuru yabwirwaga kenshi na mama we, dore ko byari umuco muri aka gace ka Ogibi.

Yatangiye kwandika inkuru ngufi agendeye nko ku birori byabaye aho bari batuye, akabivanamo inkuru, ibi abitangira akiri muto.

Mu 1948 ubwo Nigeria yafunguraga Kaminuza ya mbere mu gihe yiteguraga ubwigenge bwayo, Achebe yari mu cyiciro cya mbere cy’abemerewe kwiga muri iyo Kaminuza ya Ibadan, aho yagiye kwigira kuba umuganga.

Urukundo rwo gusoma ibitabo byanditswe kuri Afurika rwakomeje kwiyongera kugeza ubwo yaje gusoma igitabo cyanditswe na Joseph Conrad cyitwa ‘Heart of Darkness,’ aho yavugaga ko uyu mugabane udatuwe n’abantu bafite imitekerereze nk’iy’abandi bari ku Isi.

Ibi byarakaje cyane Achebe kuko atakunze uburyo Umugabane wa Afurika umeze nk’uwabuze kivugira, aho buri wese yashoboraga kuwuvuga uko abishaka kandi ntanyomozwe.

Ibi byatumye ahindura ibyo yigaga, ahitamo kwiga ururimi rw’Icyongereza n’Ubuvanganzo, nubwo byatumye abura amahirwe yo gukomeza kwishyurirwa yari yarahawe na Kaminuza.

Umubyeyi we yarabyihanganiye, yemera gukomeza kwishyura akayabo kugira ngo uyu mugabo wari ukiri umusore icyo gihe akomeze amasomo ye.

Achebe yakunze gusoma no kwandika ibitabo akiri muto

Ubwo yasozaga amasomo ye, yamaze igihe gito ari umwarimu mu kigo cy’amashuri yisumbuye, gusa ntiyatinze muri uwo mwuga kuko yaje kujya gukorera ikigo cy’itangazamakuru mu Murwa Mukuru, i Lagos.

Mu 1957, Achebe wari waratangiye kwandika ibitabo, yohereje icyo yandikishije intoki ashaka ko cyandikwa n’imashini, acyoherezanya amayero 22 yagombaga kwifashishwa mu kugikoraho.

Aya mafaranga n’inyandiko bya Achebe byari byoherejwe ku nzu itunganya ibitabo yo mu Bwongereza nyuma y’uko yari yasomye itangazo ryayo mu kinyamakuru ‘The spectator.’

Yategereje igisubizo araheba, gusa aza kugira amahirwe umuyobozi w’ikigo yakoreraga agira urugendo rw’akazi i Londres, undi amutuma ku nzu yatanzeho igitabo, amusaba kuzamubariza uko bimeze.

Uyu muyobozi witwaga Angela Beattie n’uburakari bwinshi yabajije impamvu birengagije igitabo cy’umukiliya wabo, nyuma baza gutunganya igitabo cye bacyandikisha imashini barakimwoherereza.

Nyuma yo guhabwa igitabo cye, Achebe yacyohereje ku nzu zimurika ibitabo zitandukanye z’i Londres zimwe ziracyanga. Bavugaga ko inkuru z’ibitekerezo zo muri Afurika nta soko zagira.

Inzu imurika ibitabo yitwa Heinemann abayobozi bayo basomye icyo gitabo babanza kujijinganya ku cyemezo cyo gusohora icyo bari bahawe.

Donald MacRae yasomye icyo gitabo abwira abayobozi b’ iki kigo ati “Iki ni cyo gitabo cyiza nsomye kuva intambara yaba."

Ku wa 17 Kamena 1958, Ikigo Heinemann cyasohoye ibitabo 2000 bya “Things Fall Apart”. Allan Hill wagikoreraga muri ibyo bihe yavuze ko nta jambo na rimwe ryigeze rihindurwamo.

Iki gitabo cyarakunzwe cyane ku buryo cyaje no guhindurwa mu ndimi zirenga 50 ndetse kigurishwaho kopi zirenga miliyoni 20 ndetse cyifashishwa cyane mu masomo y’ubuvanganzo ku Isi yose.

Achebe yagize imbaraga zo kwandika ibitabo ku buryo mu myaka 10, yari amaze gushyira ku mugaragaro ibindi bitabo bine.

Kuva mu 1961-1966 yabaye Umuyobozi w’Itangazamakuru mu Kigo cy’Itangazamakuru cya Nigeria (Nigerian Broadcasting Corporation).

Mu 1967 afatanyije n’Umusizi Christopher Okigbo, bashinze Ikigo cyamurikaga Ibitabo mu Mujyi wa Enugu.

Mu 1969 Achebe yazengurutse Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika ari kumwe n’abanditsi bagenzi be Gabriel Okara na Cyprian Ekwensi, batanga inyigisho muri kaminuza zitandukanye.

Ubwo yasubiraga muri Nigeria yagizwe umwe mu bashakashatsi ba Kaminuza ya Nigeria, aba n’umwarimu w’Ururimi rw’Icyongereza guhera mu 1976 kugeza mu 1981.

Achebe yanayoboye ibigo bibiri byo mu gihugu cye byatangazaga ibitabo ari byo Heinemann Educational Books Ltd na Nwankwo-Ifejika Ltd.

Nyuma y'impanuka ikomeye yakoze, Chinua Achebe yagenderaga mu kagare

Nyuma y’ impanuka y’imodoka yamusigiye ubumuga buhoraho, mu 1990 Achebe yasubiye muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika. Yigishije muri Kaminuza ya Bard College iherereye mu Mujyi wa New York, mu 2009 yavuye Bard College ajya kwigisha kaminuza ikomeye ya ’Brown University’.

Muri iyo myaka yose yanditse ibitabo bitandukanye byatumye amenyekana ku rwego mpuzamahanga birimo “No Longer at Ease” cyasohotse mu 1960, ”Arrow of God” cyo mu 1964, “A man of the People” cyo mu 1966.

Nyuma y’ imyaka irenga 20 nta gitabo gishya asohora mu 1987 yashyize hanze “Anthills of the Savannah” n’ibindi byinshi byakunzwe. Mu 2000 yanditse “Home and Exile” yavugagamo ubuzima bwe ari kure y’igihugu cye.

Yanditse inkuru ngufi zitandukanye zirimo nka “In a church village” n’izindi nyinshi n’ibitabo by’abana nka “Chike and the river”.

Achebe yahawe ibihembo byinshi bikomeye n’impamyabumenyi za kaminuza zitandukanye. Mu bihembo yabonye harimo "The Man Booker International Prize" yabonye muri Kamena 2007.

Mu 2010 yahawe "The Dorothy and Lilian Gish Prize", igihembo cy’amadolari ibihumbi 300, kikaba ari kimwe mu bihembo by’amafaranga menshi mu by’ubugeni.

Mu 2012 yasohoye Igitabo cyitwa “There was a country” cyavugaga ku ntambara yo guharanira ubwigenge bwa Leta ya Biafra muri Nigeria, iki kikaba ari cyo gitabo cya nyuma yashyize hanze.

Mu 1961, Chinua Achebe yashyingiranywe na Christiana Chinwe Okoli, baje kubyarana abana bane.

Ku wa 21 Werurwe 2013 Chinua Achebe yitabye Imana afite imyaka 82 azize uburwayi mu Mujyi wa Boston, ashyingurwa aho yavukiye muri Ogidi muri Nigeria.

Yanditse ibitabo byinshi byifashishwa mu kwigisha Ubuvanganzo ku Isi yose
Achebe ni umwe mu banditsi bakomeye Umugabane wa Afurika wagize
Igitabo Things Fall Apart yanditse bwa mbere cyanditse amateka akomeye

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